Twelve Angry Men Essay Example for Free

Twelve Angry Men Essay Twelve Angry Men depicts different types of leadership, communication, and group dynamics. The film revolves around the jurisdiction of a homicide trial with a jury that almost unanimously votes the defendant guilty, with only one opposing voter. This man, Juror #8, presents his decision through ideas of reasonable doubt that spiral into a majority vote of not-guilty. So, how does a group of twelve men completely shift their point of view from guilty to not-guilty? The power of effective leadership and communication. Juror #8 was able to effectively communicate with the men to think of other scenarios that prove the defendant not-guilty through democratic styled leadership. He did not necessarily think the defendant was not guilty. However, he was not positive the boy was guilty and did not want to make a decision without 100% confidence. Therefore, he communicated his view by encouraging the jury to examine the facts in a new light and opening a discussion amongst the jurors. The re-analyzation of the facts arose new questions about the verity of the facts, allowing some, and eventually all, of the jurors to question their original declaration of guilty. Lack of leadership and communication from the majority are also factors in the change of decision. The group of 11 men did not have a solid leader to hold together their original verdict. In the beginning, juror #1 was the apparent leader of the group. He stated the jury procedures and inquired each man’s vote. When opposition from juror #8 arose, he attempted to get the group to dismiss the idea. Eventually, he loses interest in caring and steps back as the leader. A disinterest by other jurors was also seen when some were playing games. It was also evident that some jurors only went with the majority based on hidden agendas such as wanting the trial to be over or personal opinions of people such as prejudices. In addition, Juror #3 is the prime opposer to the questions presented by juror #8. He is vocal about his confidence in his decision towards the defendant. However, his leadership style was of an autocratic nature, which worked to his disadvantage. People are more likely to follow a kind leader than someone who belittles and frightens. Therefore, Juror #8 had effective communication to win over the quiet jurors who were first too intimidated to question the majority. He dominated the discussion and lead with powerful points that left the jurors thinking. He created an open discussion. This lead to jurors asking valid questions on the verity of the facts presented. Turning points came when a witness’ testimony was questioned due to their poor vision proved through glasses marks on her nose, the angel of the man’s wound from the stab, presenting a knife that was claimed to be one of a kind, and the actual time it wold take for the witness to see what happened after they heard the scream. The film also shows how leadership thrives with the addition of followers. Without followers one cannot be declared a leader. If juror #8 stated and expressed reasons for his view and no others followed, the decision would have been in the majority’s favor and juror #8 would have just been a man with an opinion. Instead, he was able to first convince juror #9, which immediately gave his opinion credibility. Once juror #9 switched sides, it was evident that everyone else re-examined their opinion and started to formulate valid questions. Juror #9 was able to break the hold of group think, allowing others to actually voice their thoughts. This especially pertains to the quiet jurors who were originally too intimidated to question the majority. These jurors were now actually able to think for themselves and were open to communicate juror #8’s points of reasonable doubt. Twelve Angry Men is also an interesting depiction of group dynamics. In a group, decision-making can be hindered due to majority process. When a majority is present, it is easy for others to join in. This was displayed in the beginning of the film. There were a couple to quickly charge the defendant as guilty and others followed, although some appeared hesitant. They only made a decision once they saw the other opinions. This is a common problem in a group setting. It is too much effort to be the odd man out. Therefore, the quieter and more timid people conform to the majority for an easy solution. Juror #8 intelligently realized this group dynamic and intelligently focused his attention to the quiet members. He asked that another vote be taken by secret ballots. This is an effective way of voting that allowed for better communication, allowing the quieter jurors to submit their vote in private. This proved effective when the vote switched from 11-1 to 10-2. This lead to an open discussion amongst many in the group, drawing valuable ideas and opinions that they might not have offered otherwise. Juror #8 created a setting for group discussion where everyone started to work together as a team to determine the verdict of the case. As a team, the jury unanimously shifted their vote to not-guilty; an excellent demonstration on the power of effective communication and leadership.

John Bates Clark :: essays research papers

John Bates Clark John Bates Clark was an American economist who lived from 1847-1938. He played an important role in the development of marginal productivity, and had a great influence on the development of economic thought in the United States. Clark was educated at Amherst College and at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. He taught at Carlton College in Northfield, Minnesota from 1875 to 1881. He then moved on to teach at Smith College, Amherst, Johns Hopkins and Columbia from which he retired in 1923. In formulating the Neoclassical theory of the firm, John Bates Clark took over the classical categories of land, labor, and capital and simplified them in two ways, this simplification was the theory of marginal productivity. First, he assumed that all labor is homogenous, which meant that one labor hour is a perfect substitute for any other labor hour, but when marginal productivity was decreasing, the industry found it more profitable to replace labor with machinery. Clark believed that to make a sound economy wages had to be equal to the marginal productivity of labor. This was also beneficial to both the industry and the labor. Secondly, Clark ignored the distinction between land and capital, grouping together both kinds of non-human inputs under the general term "capital," which he then assumed that the broadened "capital" is homogenous. John took this Neoclassical approach one step further than others in applying it to the business firm and the maximization of profits. One of the results was a theory of the distribution which demonstrated that market outcomes were just. Clark also believed that technological change would lead to an increase in the standard of living which he felt was one of the chief goals of any economic system. He felt that with this technological change, labor would be more productive and lead to higher profits for industry. When the labor would see that industry was making higher profits, they would demand its share of the profits for their hard work. The labor's higher wages and the industries' higher profits would increase incomes and better the social living for everyone. Among Clark's works are The Philosophy of Wealth (1886), The Distribution of Wealth (1899), and Essentials of Economic Theory (1907).

Essay Social Security

Social Security Issue The current Social Security system should be replaced by a mandatory private pension system. The current system entails workers being forced to give a certain percentage of money out of their pay checks to Social Security. This tax money is used to pay benefits to retired people, disabled people, survivors of workers who have died, and dependents of beneficiaries (SSA). To most, this system sounds unfair because workers put in hours of labor for a paycheck that religiously has money taken out for someone else’s retirement, disability, etc. however, people for this system believe this benefits everyone because workers are not in control of their own specific retirement fund so poor decisions cannot be made. In reality, people should be able to control the fate of their own retirement funds because they can decide when the money is necessary, which can be done by making the change to a private pension system. The current Social Security system creates a lot of concern because of the accelerating demographic factors (NCPA). Life expectancy is increasing faster than expected — in 1940, a 65-year-old man could expect to live another 12 years, today it's 15 years; the fertility rate is falling faster than expected — from 3. 6 children for a typical woman of child-bearing age in 1960 to just two today; and the elderly portion of the population is expected to rise from 12 percent today to 20 percent by 2050 — increasing the number of retirees from 34 million to 80 million† (NCPA).The decreasing working population combined with the rising elderly population means the number of elderly people needing benefits will be greater than the number of working people providing the money for those benefits (NCPA). Because of these statistics, the favor for a private pension system is growing so workers can save their taxes for their individual retirements.With a private pension system as opposed to the current, honored system , the working class has more control over their retirement funds because for one, they would be earning the money for themselves, and two, the money would be in a private account for them. With the money accumulating in a private account, it is not exposed to risk. â€Å"These federally regulated personal accounts would allow individuals to invest only in diversified, approved utual funds and not in single stocks or highly volatile stocks† (Procon). In addition to its added personal safety, a private system would help the economy. â€Å"Privatizing Social Security into individual investment accounts would boost economic growth by injecting money back into America's failing financial system† (Procon). With the economic growth this would cause, there could be a possible decrease in unemployment rates, pulling the economy out of the current recession.In conclusion, the switch from the current Social Security system to a mandatory private pension system is ideal not only f or the working class, but also for the environment. Even with the criticism that a private pension system would tempt workers to make poor decisions with their retirement funds, people should have control over the money they make and be able to determine their own fate. Working for a paycheck that loses a percentage of its total to be given to the current retirees, the disabled, etc. s unfair and will discourage the working class. A private pension system that will actually save an individual’s own money will be more motivating to work towards and will better prepare him or her for their elderly years. Works Cited NCPA. â€Å"Social Security Problems Accelerating. † NCPA. org. National Center for Policy Analysis, 2012. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. . Procon. â€Å"Privatize Social Security. † Procon. org. Procon, 13 Mar. 2012. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. . SSA. â€Å"Social Security. † Ssa. gov. Social Security Administration, Mar. 2012. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. .

Government, Democracy, Or Authoritarianism - 1552 Words

A government’s role in society is to rule over a community. It accomplishes this through setting laws or policies and there are several different types of government. However, the most powerful and prevalent world powers have all had one of the major types of government, democracy, communism or authoritarianism. All are very different in how they try to achieve the same goal of ruling over a group of people. A democracy is â€Å"a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections†. (â€Å"Definition of Democracy†). A democracy is a form of government that relies heavily on the input on the people it governs.†¦show more content†¦It was in 1958 when the democratic government that is recognized as modern day France, the 5th Republic, was created. (â€Å"France History†). France has always leaned towards creating a democratic government, and this is evident because the goal of the French Revolution was to install one such government. However, they have been plagued with a structurally weak government, overly powerful rulers, and extreme military conflict. All these reasons prevented France from creating a stable and strong democratic government. Communism is a fairly new idea of government. It was created by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels and they discussed it in their book, The Communist Manifesto published in 1848. The idea of communism was to eliminate social classes and stop the oppression of the working class, proletariats, by the people who owns the means of production, bourgeoisies. All private ownership will be abolished and there would be no more class conflict. (â€Å"Communism and Computer Ethics†). An example of a communist nation was Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution. In the 1900’s, Russia began to industrialize. Because of this, they had a very large working class. The current ruler, Nicholas II, was already an unpopular ruler. After Russia lost to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War, the government split into two political parties, the communist Bolsheviks and the moderate Mensheviks. When World War 1 occurred, Russia was in a crisis. Their economy had collapsed soon after and they

What role does community planning have in economic...

DBP411 – Community Planning Assignment 2 Community Planning Practice Paper What role does Community Planning have in Local Economic Development? Lecturers:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fiona Caniglia amp; Stuart McLaughlin Student:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Andreas Faludi Student ID:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;02534955 Due Date:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;4 June 2004 â€Å"Planning ahead is a measure of class. The rich and even the middle class plan for generations, but the poor can plan ahead only a few weeks or days.† Gloria Steinam, The Time Factor (1980) INTRODUCTION†¦show more content†¦This paper will examine the role that Community Planning principles can play in Local Economic Development (LED). Importantly, this report will aim to identify the causes an consequences of economic disparity within communities, identify those individuals and groups that have the most to contribute to LED in their community and finally discuss and examine a range of policy initiatives that focus on sustainable economic outcomes for all members of the community network. It is also hoped that this paper may provide a guide for students of urban and regional planning, as to how human and financial goals need not be mutually exclusive of one another. THE ISSUES Economic growth, not just community bonding In international business, the world is divided into developed and developing nations. The yardstick used to measure this difference is typically economic. How then do we know when we have crossed the line between a quot;developingquot; and a quot;developedquot; community? What yardsticks are available to us? Typically, successful communities are measured in terms of participation, support networks and a general willingness to action outcomes (more often human and intangible outcomes) for that community. But while in terms of participation, a community may be very wealthy, a large proportion may be just as poor in economic standards. Accordingly, it is submitted that having implemented a community plan that succeeds in uniting a local area is onlyShow MoreRelatedQuestion Two. Ed Organization Task Functions Are A Set1423 Words   |  6 Pageslong term goals. Generally, task functions include identifying community problems, providing technical and analytical assistance, determining th e resources necessary to meet the economic development needs of a situation, developing networks among individuals and institutions, and stimulating interaction among diverse groups to achieve common objectives (J, Leigh, and Blakely 2013, p. 108) The Beacon Council’s work lines up with what we know about the task functions of ED organizations in many aspectsRead MorePlanning Policies On Social Life1626 Words   |  7 PagesPlanning policies on Social Life in Cities For year’s urban policy and strategy has been dominated by thinking about the physical city: landmark architecture, transport, housing, urban development, and increasingly the technological infrastructure to create smarter, more productive, and greener cities. Clearly social issues like health, education, employment and public safety matter to city leaders but policy and public services deal with people in the abstract rather than the particular, whichRead MoreCommunity Development And Civic Engagement1538 Words   |  7 Pagesour course is community development and civic engagement. Please define community development and the community development process. Please provide the various approaches that one can use in conducting community development? What are the similarities and/or differences among the approaches you that selected? Do you think one approach is better than another in addressing community issues? Why or why not? Community development is a multifaceted process that involves members of community working togetherRead MoreUrban Planning History Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been many significant movements throughout urban planning history which have influenced the way that planning theory is shaped and thought. Combined Modernist and Neoliberal planning theories have influenced the erection of a vast amount of planning project that have left an imprint on the way that urban planning is practiced today. In this paper, I will begin by describing the components of modernist and neoliberal planning practices. Then, I will outline a brief history of the projectRead MoreEnvironmental Sustainability And Global Warming1249 Words   |  5 PagesSustainability ‘Sustainability’ and all its connotations have become the term of the millennium thus far, although it was an idea introduced in the 1980’s. It encompasses many interpretations, and has taken on a very loaded and preconceived meaning. Many have a vision of green initiatives and global warming-based issues, but what does it mean to the in today’s society? Even when narrowed to the disciplines of architecture and planning, it is a multifaceted and loaded concept. Kenny and MeadowcroftRead MorePlanning And Local Economic Development1183 Words   |  5 PagesPlanning and local economic development The main goal of local economic development is to build an area where people can live quality life and to improve the future economy. When we think of local economic development, planners come to our mind. For many years, urban planners plan and work with others like engineers to develop our economy. Planners work in all types of cities from large cities to small cities. Planners plan for future cities. They decided where people should live and theyRead MoreDeveloping Sustainable Communities in Edinburghs South East Wedge1523 Words   |  6 Pages1. Deakin, M. (2003). Developing sustainable communities in Edinburghs South East Wedge: The settlement model and design solution. Journal of Urban Design 8(2): 137-148. The South East Wedge of Edinburgh is selected as a sample case study for understanding issues associated with planned urban development in sustainable communities. The South East Wedge was designed as a sustainable living area that could accommodate the citys growing population. Core features included a distinctive urban cultureRead MoreHow Can We Make Our Economy And Fund Our Tourism?1297 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment is one of the keys to tourism development. I think there should be a law enacted stating that the local government needs to fund tourism as well as keep it in good condition. Allow me to illustrate this point by showing the role s local government plays within the community, and the importance it has in creating a successfully developed tourism product. A successful tourism product should maximize the benefits for not only the residents of our community but the tourist themselves. OverRead MoreBuilding The Economic Case For The Preservation Of Open Space1750 Words   |  7 PagesTITLE Building the economic case for the preservation of open space: An analysis of the limitations and advantages to utilizing the Benefit-Transfer Method toward natural capital and ecosystem valuation. AUDIENCE My primary audience includes local, regional and state urban planners and policy-makers who are considering Benefit-Transfer Methodology (BTM) as a tool to preserve open space and ecosystem services through policymaking and/or political influence. Additionally, environmental organizationsRead MoreMy Views On America Moving Toward A Sustainable Society1740 Words   |  7 Pages1. Given all we’ve discussed about the ecologic condition of the planet now and if current consumption patterns continue tell me your views on whether you think Americans as a whole are moving toward a sustainable society. If not what are your views on one or two changes to these patterns that could improve potential for achieving a sustainable society. My views on America moving toward a sustainable society, looking at our current pattern could be highly achievable. Our generation is becoming

Animal Rights And Human Rights - 1857 Words

Whether we think about it or not, our views on animal rights affect the choices we make every day from the foods we eat, the clothes we wear, the products we use on our skin, the medicine we take, and even the pets we may or may not keep in our home. Each of these choices hinge on our views of animal rights. Although animal rights are not a new issue we are facing here in the U.S., recent events have brought them back into the foreground. News stories like the slaying of Cecil the lion, and Harambe the gorilla at the Cincinnati Zoo in this past year have brought renewed interest to those of all ages thanks to social media and national press time. To truly understand the issue that is the animal rights movement, we must first understand†¦show more content†¦These methods have contributed to a technological revolution in biomedical research, thus, rendering the need for test animals outdated. We use technology for so many applications in our life, why can we not switch over in this instance if there is such a high demand for it? Unfortunately, like so many other issues we face today, we have yet to come up with one solid view when it comes to animal rights. There are three official views on animal rights, two of which hold intrinsic value, or moral status; both of which are considered to be all or nothing views. The first view would be the Anti-Speciesism View. Those who believe in this view think all human beings and non-human animals have equal inherent value. The second view, All-or-Nothing Speciesism, maintains that whereas a human being has intrinsic value, non-human animals do not have any intrinsic value or moral status. The third and final view, is the Matter-of-Degree view, meaning people believe that intrinsic value is not all or nothing, but a matter of degree. This belief is, in substance, between the two previous all or nothing views I stated before because it maintains that whereas human people have moral status, non-human animals do have some lesser moral status. Of all three views, many people fall under this belief system as we see this as the most plausible. We know there is a wide range of â€Å"conscious† animals out there, some at the higher end of theShow MoreRelatedAnimal Rights And Human Rights923 Words   |  4 Pages Animal Rights â€Å"Nearly as many, 68 percent, were concerned or very concerned about the well-being of animals used in ‘sports’ or contests as well as animals in laboratories (67 percent) (Kretzer, 1).† Many people question whether an animal is capable of thought and emotions. Others feel as though animals are the equivalent of humans and should be treated as such. Since the 1800’s, animal rights has been a topic that has several different sides including two extremes. If animals can react to theirRead MoreHuman Rights : Animal Rights Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pages Animal Rights Name Institutional Affiliation â€Æ' Animal Rights Animal rights as well as animal welfare are different concepts that identify variant points in a continuum that extends from the exploitation of animals to the animal liberation. Animal rights can be perceived as the belief in the fact that humans have no right to take advantage of animals for their gains, in the farms, labs entertainment orRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights1808 Words   |  8 PagesThe idea that animals have rights seems to be heavily agreed on by a large majority of scholars whom have studied this topic. However, what comes into question is understanding the severity and range of these rights. How do we determine the level of animal rights? How do we understand animal rights in relation to human rights? This paper aims to address these questions by showing that animals have the basic rights to live a life without harm, but cannot have equal rights to humans because of ourRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights1627 Words   |  7 Pages Animal rights is a very controversial topic in today’s world. This controversy began back in 1975 when Peter Singer’s novel Animal Liberation was published. In the book, Singer explains the issues we still face at the top of animal protectionism today. Although Singer and his theories enlightened a lot of people of animal protectionism, he actually did not start the animal rights debate. People started questioning the status of animals all the way back to ancient Greece. Some people in these timesRead MoreAnimal Rights, Human Wrongs929 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Animal and Human Rights Should animals be used for humans joy or prosperity? People still are yet to agree on if animals should be basically used for anything that humans want, or if animals deserve their own rights. The viewpoint from animal believers is that there are no advantages fro using animals, but from a scientist and researchers viewpoint animals can be helped and are necessary for human’s existence. In both essays, â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"Proud to beRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Cruelty1908 Words   |  8 Pages(iii) Animal Rights Once rights are granted to certain groups of people, more and different types of group also starts asking for rights. This is an example of a â€Å"slippery slope† argument. Similarly, there are groups of people who advocates for the rights of animals. They are speaking out against cruelty that animals have to go through like slaughtering them for food, conducting different kinds of experiments on them, etc. While pro-animal rights people argue about those types of â€Å"cruelty,† anotherRead MoreAnimal Rights and Human Wrongs6049 Words   |  25 Pages5 Animal Rights and Human Wrongs Hugh LaFollette Are there limits on how human beings can legitimately treat non-human animals? Or can we treat them just any way we please? If there are limits, what are they? Are they sufficiently strong, as som e peop le supp ose, to lead us to be veg etarians and to se riously curtail, if not eliminate, our use of non-human animals in `scientific experiments designed to benefit us? To fully ap preciate this question let me contrast it with two differentRead MoreP.E.T.A.: Animal Rights, Human Abuse1707 Words   |  7 PagesWith over 850,000 active members, the animal rights organization People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has blossomed into an exceptionally powerful speech community. Their main goal is to enlighten others about the prominent existence of animal cruelty in the world, hoping to gain enough power to abolish it, or at least prevent it from happening as often as it does. PETA uses language as a tool of power, verbalizing its message through controversial ad campaigns, ralli es, marches and protestsRead MoreAnimal Rights vs Human Morals Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pages Rights come from the ability to think not the ability to suffer. Many people can agree that animals need rights to be able to stay alive and be safe. But ask yourself is that really the only solution to saving animals? In my case, I believe that is not the only solution, for animals to be safe people need to realize it’s their fault animals are put through suffrage. Animal’s lives are put on the line due to the actions of human beings. Animals do not need rights to be protected. Human beings needRead MoreShould Animals Be Granted The Rights And Protection Of Humans?1152 Words   |  5 PagesIf animals are so different from humans, then why should they be granted the rights and protection of humans as stated in our Constitution (Hurley, 1999, p. 49)? As the Bible states in Genesis 1:26, â€Å"And God said... Let them [human beings] have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth,†(â€Å"ProCon.org†, 2015). Mankind has rule over animals, to respect them a nd love them, but also to use them as necessary (Harnack, 1996). The American

Supply Chain Management of IKEA-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss aobut the Supply Chain Management of IKEA. Answer: Introduction IKEA is a multinational group which was found in southern Sweden in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad. The company has been the largest retailer of furniture in the world. The company is well known for its modern designs for different types of furniture and appliances and also for its interior designs as they are simple and eco-friendly. The firm is also known for its focus on cost control, ongoing development of the product, corporate power and the details of operations. In November 2017 the company has owned and controlled around 410 stores in 49 nations (IKEA Official Website, 2017). The range of products is about 12,000 on the website of the company. The company is accountable for 1% of consumption of wood product which makes it one of the biggest consumers of product in the retail sector. The vision of the firm is to build a better daily life for a large number of people as possible and to help them to build their dream house at the reasonable cost possible (Frding Lawrence, 2017). The herewith report analyses the effectiveness of four critical flows in supply chain management of IKEA and to evaluate its making process and supply chain forecasting techniques. In the end, the company is offered with some recommendation in the form of supply chain theories that can be applied to IKEAs supply chain process. The key flows in Supply chain IKEA has the biggest supply chain management in the world in terms of furniture products. Moreover, the company gives first priority to collaboration and coordination before conducting operations or activities. Thus, in case the policy does not match the organizational structure, it can create an adverse impact on the organization as a whole. Since, IKEA contains a flat structure in which they provide priorities to each employee (Stadtler, 2015). There is the presence of upper management in functions as well as locations to align the strategies with structures in order to run the supply chain management smoothly and efficiently. The supply chain of IKEA is inclusive of a production flow. It encompasses raw material, production, distribution, suppliers and to the ultimate customer. Raw material development takes place in the initial sector in which IKEA designs and develops its product in Sweden. While the process of designing, IKEA do verification of that commodities whether they are meeting the requirements of customers. IKEA is based on rare and exceptional products. It uses in-store logistics personnel so as to address stock management at store locations. Every in-store has a logistics manager who is liable for the ordering procedures and a product manager who is liable for material addressing logistics at each store of IKEA (Ntabe, et al, 2015). Once the product is selected and purchased by the customers, then they are required to head to the warehouse or store to assemble the product by themselves. As the product is picked up by the customer, IKEA has no need to employee labour that would otherwise assume such a responsibility. Thus, this assists in reducing labour costs for IKEA. For conducting an effective distribution channel, IKEA makes the calculation of the exact quantity to do a production of the same in order to meet the demands of customers. It ensures minimum wastage of resources during production and warehousing. The company has a global distribution channel it can do delivery in large quantities and can make use of flat packages at a very reasonable cost. This can be considered as a feature of their distribution system as their mission is to provide right commodities at right time and place (Seuring, 2013). IKEA make a reduction in transportation costs by doing flat packaging. Further, large quantities can be packed easily and transported at a single time. In flat packaging, customers are required to assemble the transported product by themselves only. For IKEA, services of distributions play a role of the wholesaler. They help in protecting local space for storage plus dealing with the supplier on an international basis. IKEA is said to be a leading retailer in terms of maintaining good relationships with suppliers. They make negotiation of prices with suppliers, checking quality measures and focusing on working and social environment. The code of conduct of IKEA is known as IWAY which stands for IKEA Way of Purchasing Home Furnishing Products. It is inclusive of minimum rules and regulations that further assist producers in reducing the effect of their operations on the environment to make it sustainable. The requirements present in IKEA lift up standards by conducting sustainable activities within the business and placing positive influence on the environment (Ellram and Cooper, 2014). Figure 1 Flow of Goods, information and cash in IKEA (Source: Brindley, 2017) Another important role is played by consumers in the low-cost strategy of IKEA. As the customers are liable for retrieving the concerned commodity and accumulating it, IKEA gets benefits on this by saving labour costs, delivering and operating cost related to the assembling of furniture. IKEA manages the various key components of its value chain in an effective manner. The Make process The IKEA company produce 10% of its products internally and rest it 90% products are being outsourced. This brings many benefits for the company like now it can focus more on the core functioning and also the less cost structure of company. The outsourcing helps managers of the company to direct their resources and energies towards the main activities which will bring more worth and competitive benefit (Brandenburg et.al, 2014). The company has built its centralised planning approach that has various stages. Firstly the emphasis was on the demand planning by implementing new software for it. Next the emphasis was on the enhancement of planning of materials by performing its first step which was the flow from supplier to direct channel by using new software. The company then extended its functions to cover the complete flow of supply from supplier to direct channels and then to end users. The company has started creating worth from raw materials by coming in the process of manufacture after guaranteeing an eco-friendly low of supply of raw materials to the supplier by using either code of conduct or wheel evaluation. The company outlines its own items based on the demand of the market and with the given measure of raw material. In a situation when the variables are fixed the designer is responsible for maximizing the effectiveness and efficiency of the resources used in the manufacturing of the product (Mangan and Lalwani, 2016). In the production area the company struggles to improve the efficiency of the production by consuming less amount of power and advanced standard of the environment. The company will also carry out an audit in production factories by visiting the suppliers on any occasion just to see whether they are working according to the code of conduct or not. It will also help in developing sustainable activities of business which will enforce a positive impact on both the environment and human. As the production take place the products are then transported to the network of 47 owned distribution centres situated in 17 nations which are highly automated. To optimize the requirement of transportation and warehousing the finished goods are firmly packed in flat packages. This method of packaging makes it easy to transport and store finished goods easily (Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2014) Figure 2 The global supply chain planning process of IKEA (Source : Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2014) Though a uniform approach of the production does not mean that is it culturally insensitive. IKEA has placed great importance on the products so as to raise the taste and preferences of consumers globally. The company has about 50000 SKUs which will help in reducing the challenge of product variability. As learned in the course of TOM scattering out the demand of manufacture will allow the suppliers to have a constant cycle of time (Monczka and et.al, 2015). This will ultimately drive to lower cost of production per unit. Further using advanced scheduling and planning software will also help the company to assign the manufacturing to suppliers according to the capacity of production and availability of raw material with the supplier. SCOR model for the supply chain of IKEA The SCOR that is the supply chain operation references model is a tool of management which is used to improve, communicate and address the supply chain management choices in the company and also with the customers and suppliers. The model explains the process of business which is required to satisfy the demands of customers (Stadtler, 2015). Plan spotting the requirement of production based on the demands and also determining the related cost and the required logistics. Source Placing the order of required raw material from the correct supplier. Make This involves efficient assigning of the resources for the activities of production and then producing the line of products with the required quality and quantity. Deliver- the process of distribution is to deliver the finished products to the sales outlets, the storage units and the end consumers (Christopher, 2016). Return - consumers are offered a warranty on the purchases made by them. If there is a fault in products or if they are not up to the required standard then consumers are liable to return the same and attain a replacement. Enable - assembling all the members in the process of supply chain management by making them understand about the code of IWAY and by conducting uniform research to identify solutions for the problems and also including the employees the process of innovation (Lu and Swaminathan, 2015). The Supply chain forecasting The company also relies on extensive spread forecasting and also generally plans about the production of five years in advance. The company also focuses on long-term plans so as to balance the production level around it manufactures. There are numerous tools and methods of forecasting, essentially this can be divided into two categories first is qualitative and second is quantitative. Qualitative techniques: This technique helps in basing the demands and needs of customers by taking their and experts opinions and perceptions into account. This type of technique is considered as a subjective method, the demand is particularly based on expert opinion, market research or by implementing Delphi method. This technique engages a jury of experts who make estimations concerning the demand where the aim is to reach a cohesive decision. Often, qualitative techniques are used in high-volume categories for a long-term period (Jonsson, Rudberg and Holmberg, 2013) Quantitative method: this method relies upon quantitative models that make use of past data and information in order to forecast supply chain. The quantitative technique is also known as time-series components. By making use of this method, organizations comprise diversified components which are further influencing demand. The major attribute which must be considered while selecting forecasting methods is cost, relevancy, time and ability to determine market and demand changes. The variation between both the techniques of forecasting is the degree of time and resources required to predict the demand and the most preferring method to analyze demand is the qualitative one (Rushton, 2014). Introduction of forecasting is used as a significant method of supply chain operating with assumptions of strategies. Retailers assemble information regarding demand and assess its impact on the supply chain as a whole. The use of forecasting tools will be helpful for IKEA in calculating future sales and supports in inventory and cash flow management adding to this, a business can set new plans for future growth. Conclusion After examining the supply chain of IKEA it can be concluded that it provides a wide variety of products to it end consumers. Also the demand for the items which the company presents is required maintaining a high level of quality standards in its operational activities and products. The market position of the group is high this is because of the global presence, a centralized chain of supply, customer oriented policies, strong relations with partners and suppliers, innovation and the strong brand image. 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