What role does community planning have in economic...

DBP411 – Community Planning Assignment 2 Community Planning Practice Paper What role does Community Planning have in Local Economic Development? Lecturers:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fiona Caniglia amp; Stuart McLaughlin Student:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Andreas Faludi Student ID:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;02534955 Due Date:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;4 June 2004 â€Å"Planning ahead is a measure of class. The rich and even the middle class plan for generations, but the poor can plan ahead only a few weeks or days.† Gloria Steinam, The Time Factor (1980) INTRODUCTION†¦show more content†¦This paper will examine the role that Community Planning principles can play in Local Economic Development (LED). Importantly, this report will aim to identify the causes an consequences of economic disparity within communities, identify those individuals and groups that have the most to contribute to LED in their community and finally discuss and examine a range of policy initiatives that focus on sustainable economic outcomes for all members of the community network. It is also hoped that this paper may provide a guide for students of urban and regional planning, as to how human and financial goals need not be mutually exclusive of one another. THE ISSUES Economic growth, not just community bonding In international business, the world is divided into developed and developing nations. The yardstick used to measure this difference is typically economic. How then do we know when we have crossed the line between a quot;developingquot; and a quot;developedquot; community? What yardsticks are available to us? Typically, successful communities are measured in terms of participation, support networks and a general willingness to action outcomes (more often human and intangible outcomes) for that community. But while in terms of participation, a community may be very wealthy, a large proportion may be just as poor in economic standards. Accordingly, it is submitted that having implemented a community plan that succeeds in uniting a local area is onlyShow MoreRelatedQuestion Two. Ed Organization Task Functions Are A Set1423 Words   |  6 Pageslong term goals. Generally, task functions include identifying community problems, providing technical and analytical assistance, determining th e resources necessary to meet the economic development needs of a situation, developing networks among individuals and institutions, and stimulating interaction among diverse groups to achieve common objectives (J, Leigh, and Blakely 2013, p. 108) The Beacon Council’s work lines up with what we know about the task functions of ED organizations in many aspectsRead MorePlanning Policies On Social Life1626 Words   |  7 PagesPlanning policies on Social Life in Cities For year’s urban policy and strategy has been dominated by thinking about the physical city: landmark architecture, transport, housing, urban development, and increasingly the technological infrastructure to create smarter, more productive, and greener cities. Clearly social issues like health, education, employment and public safety matter to city leaders but policy and public services deal with people in the abstract rather than the particular, whichRead MoreCommunity Development And Civic Engagement1538 Words   |  7 Pagesour course is community development and civic engagement. Please define community development and the community development process. Please provide the various approaches that one can use in conducting community development? What are the similarities and/or differences among the approaches you that selected? Do you think one approach is better than another in addressing community issues? Why or why not? Community development is a multifaceted process that involves members of community working togetherRead MoreUrban Planning History Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been many significant movements throughout urban planning history which have influenced the way that planning theory is shaped and thought. Combined Modernist and Neoliberal planning theories have influenced the erection of a vast amount of planning project that have left an imprint on the way that urban planning is practiced today. In this paper, I will begin by describing the components of modernist and neoliberal planning practices. Then, I will outline a brief history of the projectRead MoreEnvironmental Sustainability And Global Warming1249 Words   |  5 PagesSustainability ‘Sustainability’ and all its connotations have become the term of the millennium thus far, although it was an idea introduced in the 1980’s. It encompasses many interpretations, and has taken on a very loaded and preconceived meaning. Many have a vision of green initiatives and global warming-based issues, but what does it mean to the in today’s society? Even when narrowed to the disciplines of architecture and planning, it is a multifaceted and loaded concept. Kenny and MeadowcroftRead MorePlanning And Local Economic Development1183 Words   |  5 PagesPlanning and local economic development The main goal of local economic development is to build an area where people can live quality life and to improve the future economy. When we think of local economic development, planners come to our mind. For many years, urban planners plan and work with others like engineers to develop our economy. Planners work in all types of cities from large cities to small cities. Planners plan for future cities. They decided where people should live and theyRead MoreDeveloping Sustainable Communities in Edinburghs South East Wedge1523 Words   |  6 Pages1. Deakin, M. (2003). Developing sustainable communities in Edinburghs South East Wedge: The settlement model and design solution. Journal of Urban Design 8(2): 137-148. The South East Wedge of Edinburgh is selected as a sample case study for understanding issues associated with planned urban development in sustainable communities. The South East Wedge was designed as a sustainable living area that could accommodate the citys growing population. Core features included a distinctive urban cultureRead MoreHow Can We Make Our Economy And Fund Our Tourism?1297 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment is one of the keys to tourism development. I think there should be a law enacted stating that the local government needs to fund tourism as well as keep it in good condition. Allow me to illustrate this point by showing the role s local government plays within the community, and the importance it has in creating a successfully developed tourism product. A successful tourism product should maximize the benefits for not only the residents of our community but the tourist themselves. OverRead MoreBuilding The Economic Case For The Preservation Of Open Space1750 Words   |  7 PagesTITLE Building the economic case for the preservation of open space: An analysis of the limitations and advantages to utilizing the Benefit-Transfer Method toward natural capital and ecosystem valuation. AUDIENCE My primary audience includes local, regional and state urban planners and policy-makers who are considering Benefit-Transfer Methodology (BTM) as a tool to preserve open space and ecosystem services through policymaking and/or political influence. Additionally, environmental organizationsRead MoreMy Views On America Moving Toward A Sustainable Society1740 Words   |  7 Pages1. Given all we’ve discussed about the ecologic condition of the planet now and if current consumption patterns continue tell me your views on whether you think Americans as a whole are moving toward a sustainable society. If not what are your views on one or two changes to these patterns that could improve potential for achieving a sustainable society. My views on America moving toward a sustainable society, looking at our current pattern could be highly achievable. Our generation is becoming

Animal Rights And Human Rights - 1857 Words

Whether we think about it or not, our views on animal rights affect the choices we make every day from the foods we eat, the clothes we wear, the products we use on our skin, the medicine we take, and even the pets we may or may not keep in our home. Each of these choices hinge on our views of animal rights. Although animal rights are not a new issue we are facing here in the U.S., recent events have brought them back into the foreground. News stories like the slaying of Cecil the lion, and Harambe the gorilla at the Cincinnati Zoo in this past year have brought renewed interest to those of all ages thanks to social media and national press time. To truly understand the issue that is the animal rights movement, we must first understand†¦show more content†¦These methods have contributed to a technological revolution in biomedical research, thus, rendering the need for test animals outdated. We use technology for so many applications in our life, why can we not switch over in this instance if there is such a high demand for it? Unfortunately, like so many other issues we face today, we have yet to come up with one solid view when it comes to animal rights. There are three official views on animal rights, two of which hold intrinsic value, or moral status; both of which are considered to be all or nothing views. The first view would be the Anti-Speciesism View. Those who believe in this view think all human beings and non-human animals have equal inherent value. The second view, All-or-Nothing Speciesism, maintains that whereas a human being has intrinsic value, non-human animals do not have any intrinsic value or moral status. The third and final view, is the Matter-of-Degree view, meaning people believe that intrinsic value is not all or nothing, but a matter of degree. This belief is, in substance, between the two previous all or nothing views I stated before because it maintains that whereas human people have moral status, non-human animals do have some lesser moral status. Of all three views, many people fall under this belief system as we see this as the most plausible. We know there is a wide range of â€Å"conscious† animals out there, some at the higher end of theShow MoreRelatedAnimal Rights And Human Rights923 Words   |  4 Pages Animal Rights â€Å"Nearly as many, 68 percent, were concerned or very concerned about the well-being of animals used in ‘sports’ or contests as well as animals in laboratories (67 percent) (Kretzer, 1).† Many people question whether an animal is capable of thought and emotions. Others feel as though animals are the equivalent of humans and should be treated as such. Since the 1800’s, animal rights has been a topic that has several different sides including two extremes. If animals can react to theirRead MoreHuman Rights : Animal Rights Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pages Animal Rights Name Institutional Affiliation â€Æ' Animal Rights Animal rights as well as animal welfare are different concepts that identify variant points in a continuum that extends from the exploitation of animals to the animal liberation. Animal rights can be perceived as the belief in the fact that humans have no right to take advantage of animals for their gains, in the farms, labs entertainment orRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights1808 Words   |  8 PagesThe idea that animals have rights seems to be heavily agreed on by a large majority of scholars whom have studied this topic. However, what comes into question is understanding the severity and range of these rights. How do we determine the level of animal rights? How do we understand animal rights in relation to human rights? This paper aims to address these questions by showing that animals have the basic rights to live a life without harm, but cannot have equal rights to humans because of ourRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights1627 Words   |  7 Pages Animal rights is a very controversial topic in today’s world. This controversy began back in 1975 when Peter Singer’s novel Animal Liberation was published. In the book, Singer explains the issues we still face at the top of animal protectionism today. Although Singer and his theories enlightened a lot of people of animal protectionism, he actually did not start the animal rights debate. People started questioning the status of animals all the way back to ancient Greece. Some people in these timesRead MoreAnimal Rights, Human Wrongs929 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Animal and Human Rights Should animals be used for humans joy or prosperity? People still are yet to agree on if animals should be basically used for anything that humans want, or if animals deserve their own rights. The viewpoint from animal believers is that there are no advantages fro using animals, but from a scientist and researchers viewpoint animals can be helped and are necessary for human’s existence. In both essays, â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"Proud to beRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Cruelty1908 Words   |  8 Pages(iii) Animal Rights Once rights are granted to certain groups of people, more and different types of group also starts asking for rights. This is an example of a â€Å"slippery slope† argument. Similarly, there are groups of people who advocates for the rights of animals. They are speaking out against cruelty that animals have to go through like slaughtering them for food, conducting different kinds of experiments on them, etc. While pro-animal rights people argue about those types of â€Å"cruelty,† anotherRead MoreAnimal Rights and Human Wrongs6049 Words   |  25 Pages5 Animal Rights and Human Wrongs Hugh LaFollette Are there limits on how human beings can legitimately treat non-human animals? Or can we treat them just any way we please? If there are limits, what are they? Are they sufficiently strong, as som e peop le supp ose, to lead us to be veg etarians and to se riously curtail, if not eliminate, our use of non-human animals in `scientific experiments designed to benefit us? To fully ap preciate this question let me contrast it with two differentRead MoreP.E.T.A.: Animal Rights, Human Abuse1707 Words   |  7 PagesWith over 850,000 active members, the animal rights organization People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has blossomed into an exceptionally powerful speech community. Their main goal is to enlighten others about the prominent existence of animal cruelty in the world, hoping to gain enough power to abolish it, or at least prevent it from happening as often as it does. PETA uses language as a tool of power, verbalizing its message through controversial ad campaigns, ralli es, marches and protestsRead MoreAnimal Rights vs Human Morals Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pages Rights come from the ability to think not the ability to suffer. Many people can agree that animals need rights to be able to stay alive and be safe. But ask yourself is that really the only solution to saving animals? In my case, I believe that is not the only solution, for animals to be safe people need to realize it’s their fault animals are put through suffrage. Animal’s lives are put on the line due to the actions of human beings. Animals do not need rights to be protected. Human beings needRead MoreShould Animals Be Granted The Rights And Protection Of Humans?1152 Words   |  5 PagesIf animals are so different from humans, then why should they be granted the rights and protection of humans as stated in our Constitution (Hurley, 1999, p. 49)? As the Bible states in Genesis 1:26, â€Å"And God said... Let them [human beings] have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth,†(â€Å"ProCon.org†, 2015). Mankind has rule over animals, to respect them a nd love them, but also to use them as necessary (Harnack, 1996). The American

Supply Chain Management of IKEA-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss aobut the Supply Chain Management of IKEA. Answer: Introduction IKEA is a multinational group which was found in southern Sweden in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad. The company has been the largest retailer of furniture in the world. The company is well known for its modern designs for different types of furniture and appliances and also for its interior designs as they are simple and eco-friendly. The firm is also known for its focus on cost control, ongoing development of the product, corporate power and the details of operations. In November 2017 the company has owned and controlled around 410 stores in 49 nations (IKEA Official Website, 2017). The range of products is about 12,000 on the website of the company. The company is accountable for 1% of consumption of wood product which makes it one of the biggest consumers of product in the retail sector. The vision of the firm is to build a better daily life for a large number of people as possible and to help them to build their dream house at the reasonable cost possible (Frding Lawrence, 2017). The herewith report analyses the effectiveness of four critical flows in supply chain management of IKEA and to evaluate its making process and supply chain forecasting techniques. In the end, the company is offered with some recommendation in the form of supply chain theories that can be applied to IKEAs supply chain process. The key flows in Supply chain IKEA has the biggest supply chain management in the world in terms of furniture products. Moreover, the company gives first priority to collaboration and coordination before conducting operations or activities. Thus, in case the policy does not match the organizational structure, it can create an adverse impact on the organization as a whole. Since, IKEA contains a flat structure in which they provide priorities to each employee (Stadtler, 2015). There is the presence of upper management in functions as well as locations to align the strategies with structures in order to run the supply chain management smoothly and efficiently. The supply chain of IKEA is inclusive of a production flow. It encompasses raw material, production, distribution, suppliers and to the ultimate customer. Raw material development takes place in the initial sector in which IKEA designs and develops its product in Sweden. While the process of designing, IKEA do verification of that commodities whether they are meeting the requirements of customers. IKEA is based on rare and exceptional products. It uses in-store logistics personnel so as to address stock management at store locations. Every in-store has a logistics manager who is liable for the ordering procedures and a product manager who is liable for material addressing logistics at each store of IKEA (Ntabe, et al, 2015). Once the product is selected and purchased by the customers, then they are required to head to the warehouse or store to assemble the product by themselves. As the product is picked up by the customer, IKEA has no need to employee labour that would otherwise assume such a responsibility. Thus, this assists in reducing labour costs for IKEA. For conducting an effective distribution channel, IKEA makes the calculation of the exact quantity to do a production of the same in order to meet the demands of customers. It ensures minimum wastage of resources during production and warehousing. The company has a global distribution channel it can do delivery in large quantities and can make use of flat packages at a very reasonable cost. This can be considered as a feature of their distribution system as their mission is to provide right commodities at right time and place (Seuring, 2013). IKEA make a reduction in transportation costs by doing flat packaging. Further, large quantities can be packed easily and transported at a single time. In flat packaging, customers are required to assemble the transported product by themselves only. For IKEA, services of distributions play a role of the wholesaler. They help in protecting local space for storage plus dealing with the supplier on an international basis. IKEA is said to be a leading retailer in terms of maintaining good relationships with suppliers. They make negotiation of prices with suppliers, checking quality measures and focusing on working and social environment. The code of conduct of IKEA is known as IWAY which stands for IKEA Way of Purchasing Home Furnishing Products. It is inclusive of minimum rules and regulations that further assist producers in reducing the effect of their operations on the environment to make it sustainable. The requirements present in IKEA lift up standards by conducting sustainable activities within the business and placing positive influence on the environment (Ellram and Cooper, 2014). Figure 1 Flow of Goods, information and cash in IKEA (Source: Brindley, 2017) Another important role is played by consumers in the low-cost strategy of IKEA. As the customers are liable for retrieving the concerned commodity and accumulating it, IKEA gets benefits on this by saving labour costs, delivering and operating cost related to the assembling of furniture. IKEA manages the various key components of its value chain in an effective manner. The Make process The IKEA company produce 10% of its products internally and rest it 90% products are being outsourced. This brings many benefits for the company like now it can focus more on the core functioning and also the less cost structure of company. The outsourcing helps managers of the company to direct their resources and energies towards the main activities which will bring more worth and competitive benefit (Brandenburg et.al, 2014). The company has built its centralised planning approach that has various stages. Firstly the emphasis was on the demand planning by implementing new software for it. Next the emphasis was on the enhancement of planning of materials by performing its first step which was the flow from supplier to direct channel by using new software. The company then extended its functions to cover the complete flow of supply from supplier to direct channels and then to end users. The company has started creating worth from raw materials by coming in the process of manufacture after guaranteeing an eco-friendly low of supply of raw materials to the supplier by using either code of conduct or wheel evaluation. The company outlines its own items based on the demand of the market and with the given measure of raw material. In a situation when the variables are fixed the designer is responsible for maximizing the effectiveness and efficiency of the resources used in the manufacturing of the product (Mangan and Lalwani, 2016). In the production area the company struggles to improve the efficiency of the production by consuming less amount of power and advanced standard of the environment. The company will also carry out an audit in production factories by visiting the suppliers on any occasion just to see whether they are working according to the code of conduct or not. It will also help in developing sustainable activities of business which will enforce a positive impact on both the environment and human. As the production take place the products are then transported to the network of 47 owned distribution centres situated in 17 nations which are highly automated. To optimize the requirement of transportation and warehousing the finished goods are firmly packed in flat packages. This method of packaging makes it easy to transport and store finished goods easily (Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2014) Figure 2 The global supply chain planning process of IKEA (Source : Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2014) Though a uniform approach of the production does not mean that is it culturally insensitive. IKEA has placed great importance on the products so as to raise the taste and preferences of consumers globally. The company has about 50000 SKUs which will help in reducing the challenge of product variability. As learned in the course of TOM scattering out the demand of manufacture will allow the suppliers to have a constant cycle of time (Monczka and et.al, 2015). This will ultimately drive to lower cost of production per unit. Further using advanced scheduling and planning software will also help the company to assign the manufacturing to suppliers according to the capacity of production and availability of raw material with the supplier. SCOR model for the supply chain of IKEA The SCOR that is the supply chain operation references model is a tool of management which is used to improve, communicate and address the supply chain management choices in the company and also with the customers and suppliers. The model explains the process of business which is required to satisfy the demands of customers (Stadtler, 2015). Plan spotting the requirement of production based on the demands and also determining the related cost and the required logistics. Source Placing the order of required raw material from the correct supplier. Make This involves efficient assigning of the resources for the activities of production and then producing the line of products with the required quality and quantity. Deliver- the process of distribution is to deliver the finished products to the sales outlets, the storage units and the end consumers (Christopher, 2016). Return - consumers are offered a warranty on the purchases made by them. If there is a fault in products or if they are not up to the required standard then consumers are liable to return the same and attain a replacement. Enable - assembling all the members in the process of supply chain management by making them understand about the code of IWAY and by conducting uniform research to identify solutions for the problems and also including the employees the process of innovation (Lu and Swaminathan, 2015). The Supply chain forecasting The company also relies on extensive spread forecasting and also generally plans about the production of five years in advance. The company also focuses on long-term plans so as to balance the production level around it manufactures. There are numerous tools and methods of forecasting, essentially this can be divided into two categories first is qualitative and second is quantitative. Qualitative techniques: This technique helps in basing the demands and needs of customers by taking their and experts opinions and perceptions into account. This type of technique is considered as a subjective method, the demand is particularly based on expert opinion, market research or by implementing Delphi method. This technique engages a jury of experts who make estimations concerning the demand where the aim is to reach a cohesive decision. Often, qualitative techniques are used in high-volume categories for a long-term period (Jonsson, Rudberg and Holmberg, 2013) Quantitative method: this method relies upon quantitative models that make use of past data and information in order to forecast supply chain. The quantitative technique is also known as time-series components. By making use of this method, organizations comprise diversified components which are further influencing demand. The major attribute which must be considered while selecting forecasting methods is cost, relevancy, time and ability to determine market and demand changes. The variation between both the techniques of forecasting is the degree of time and resources required to predict the demand and the most preferring method to analyze demand is the qualitative one (Rushton, 2014). Introduction of forecasting is used as a significant method of supply chain operating with assumptions of strategies. Retailers assemble information regarding demand and assess its impact on the supply chain as a whole. The use of forecasting tools will be helpful for IKEA in calculating future sales and supports in inventory and cash flow management adding to this, a business can set new plans for future growth. Conclusion After examining the supply chain of IKEA it can be concluded that it provides a wide variety of products to it end consumers. Also the demand for the items which the company presents is required maintaining a high level of quality standards in its operational activities and products. The market position of the group is high this is because of the global presence, a centralized chain of supply, customer oriented policies, strong relations with partners and suppliers, innovation and the strong brand image. Especially the sensible and practical plans included in the process of supply chain management have facilitated the company to obtain financial advantages and improve its competitive ability. This results that the company is fulfilling its objectives and is continue to expand its market position. References Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J. and Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), pp.299-312. Brindley, C. ed., (2017).Supply chain risk. Taylor Francis. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Ellram, L.M. and Cooper, M.C. (2014). Supply chain management: It's all about the journey, not the destination.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(1), pp.8-20. Frding, K., Lawrence, G. (2017). Sustainability at IKEA.Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 67-77. IKEA Official Website (2017), [Online] Available at https://www.ikea.com/ (Accessed on 27 November, 2017) Jacobs, R., Chase, R. (2013).Operations and supply chain management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Jonsson, P., Rudberg, M., Holmberg, S. (2013). Centralised supply chain planning at IKEA.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(3), 337-350. Lu, L.X. and Swaminathan, J.M. (2015). Supply chain management. Mangan, J. and Lalwani, C. (2016).Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L. (2015)Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Ntabe, E. N., LeBel, L., Munson, A. D., Santa-Eulalia, L. A. (2015). A systematic literature review of the supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model application with special attention to environmental issues.International Journal of Production Economics,169, 310-332. Rushton (2014) The Most Recognized Supply Chain Framework [Online]. Available at https://www.apics.org/apics-for-business/products-and-services/apics-scc-frameworks/scor (Accessed on 27 November,2017) Seuring, S. (2013). A review of modelling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), pp.1513-1520. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C. and Leong, G.K. (2014).Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Cengage Learning.

Washington D.C Essays - Virginia, Military Personnel,

Washington D.C Have you ever had the chance to travel to Washington D.C and see the historic buildings and monuments? If you haven't, these are my thoughts and opinions on the two most important locations in my mind when I got that chance to travel to our nation's capital. One of the most emotional parts of the five day trip was when we went to Arlington National Cemetery. I took the most pictures at Arlington because even though all the pictures were covered with white marble tombstones, I felt there was a bigger meaning behind the tombs. All 400,000 of the soldiers under that ground fought to keep their way of life or to destroy the way of life that they thought was wrong. They were all buried under the same ground together, so many soldiers who gave their lives to protect the future that they believed in. In my Social studies class we are learning about the civil war and how what the soldiers fought for. We also learned that since Robert E. Lee lived in the North but became a great confederate general the union decided to put Arlington on his 624 acres of land. This cemetery dates back to the 1860's when the war was occurring. Back then the tombstones could be any size or shape depending upon the lost soldier's family. But now the army asks that all tombstones are the same to reserve space. You would think that at a cemetery all you would see would be tombstones and flowers, but at Arlington there is much more. From guards protecting a tomb to rocks on graves and memorials. The change that I saw at Arlington was among the students, before they were horse playing and having fun, which is ok at certain times, but not then. As we walked through the endless rows of gravestones some students started to recognize what the ground that they were standing on really was. But not all students knew how emotional this place was for anyone to endure until we stood in front of the internal flame of John F. Kennedy. As we went deeper into the rows to get to the tomb of unknown soldiers you could start to more easily notice the rocks on the graves. When I asked our tour guide, she told me that they were put on top of the graves to symbolize that one has visited there lost one. Just as Christians leave flowers Jewish people leave rocks. Another thing I noticed was symbols at the top of each tombstone, they were there to show what religion that fallen soldier believed in. The type of military emblem is also included on the headstone along with name and death date. Before we went into the tomb of the Unknown Soldier's we stopped at a segregated line of graves. On these graves were names of the people that were on the space shuttle challenger. The graves around it were the crews of other space travels. We were told to be as quiet as possible when we were approaching the tombs, as the crowd of students surrounded the stairs in front of the guard's multiplied we stood as silent as could be. We watched as one of the soldiers paced back and forth clicking his ankles every time he pivoted. The path the soldiers walked in was walked on so much that it was eroded just by their footsteps. I remembered the Guide told us to counts his footsteps and how long he paused in between paces, she told me to think about the number 21. As the guard walked with the same position, same facial expression I counted his steps, sure enough he took 21 steps before stopping and pivoting. He then would pause for 21 seconds before returning to his pace. In the middle of the soldier's paces another guard comes out to inspect the new guard. He checks his clothing, and his gun for any little speck of dust found on the guard. If he is clean he will switch with the old guard and do the same routine until the next switching of the guard. They do this routine all day every day